When a new pope is elected, one of his first acts is choosing a name—a decision steeped in history, symbolism, and often, a hidden message. From St. Francis’ humility to Benedict’s peacemaking legacy, these names set the tone for an entire papacy. But why do popes abandon their birth names? Which names are avoided—and why? And what could the next pontiff call himself? Tracing a tradition that began in the 6th century, experts reveal how a single word can define an era of the Catholic Church.
The election of a new pope brings centuries of tradition, and one of his first acts—selecting a new name—carries profound significance. While not doctrinally required, the practice dates back to Pope John II in 533 AD, who abandoned his pagan-sounding name, Mercurius, to honor St. John. Since then, all but two popes have adopted a new identity, weaving history, personal mission, and even prophecy into their choice.
Why Change a Name?
The tradition stems from both practicality and symbolism. Early non-Italian popes often chose Italianate names to blend in, while others sought to honor predecessors or saints. “Linking to popes who weathered crises or inspired reform can shape the choice,” says historian Liam Temple. Pope Francis, for instance, honored St. Francis of Assisi, signaling a focus on poverty and interfaith dialogue. Benedict XVI evoked peacemakers, aligning with his reconciliation efforts.
Forbidden and Controversial Names
One name remains untouched: Peter. Reverence for the first pope—and an ancient prophecy that “Peter II” would be the last—keeps it off the table. Other names carry baggage: Urban recalls the trial of Galileo, while Pius invokes WWII-era controversies.
What’s Next?
Experts speculate future names could reflect modern priorities. A reformer might pick Leo (social justice) or Innocent (anti-corruption). A pope from the Global South could revive African names like Gelasius or Victor. John remains the most popular (21 uses), though numbering errors paused it at John XXIII.
The Announcement
The world learns the new pope’s name in Latin from St. Peter’s balcony: “Habemus Papam” (“We have a pope”). His baptismal names are Latinized, but the papal name stands alone—as with Franciscum for Pope Francis.
As the Church evolves, so too will its names—each a capsule of history and a beacon for the future.